:root{
  --ink:#19140f;--paper:#f3eee4;--sand:#e7dcc8;--clay:#a44d2e;--gold:#c8a25f;--lapis:#193a63;--night:#14191f;--muted:#746b61;--line:rgba(25,20,15,.14);--white:#fffdf8;--max:1220px;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font-family:Inter,ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",sans-serif;line-height:1.62}img{max-width:100%;display:block}a{color:inherit}.container{width:min(var(--max),calc(100% - 40px));margin-inline:auto}.skip-link{position:absolute;left:-9999px;top:0}.skip-link:focus{left:1rem;top:1rem;z-index:999;background:#fff;padding:.7rem 1rem;border-radius:.35rem}.site-header{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:100;background:rgba(24,19,15,.94);backdrop-filter:blur(16px);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1)}.nav-wrap{max-width:var(--max);width:calc(100% - 40px);margin:auto;height:74px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.7rem;text-decoration:none;color:#fff}.brand-mark{font-size:1.6rem;color:var(--gold)}.brand strong{display:block;font-family:Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:.18em;font-size:1.1rem}.brand small{display:block;font-size:.66rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#c9c1b5}.site-nav{display:flex;gap:1.35rem}.site-nav a{text-decoration:none;color:#eee8de;font-size:.86rem}.site-nav a:hover{color:#fff}.menu-button{display:none;background:transparent;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);color:white;padding:.5rem .8rem;border-radius:99px}.hero{position:relative;min-height:88vh;display:grid;align-items:end;overflow:hidden;background:#20150e}.hero-media{position:absolute;inset:0;background-image:url('https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ziggarut_of_Ur_-_M.Lubinski.jpg/1280px-Ziggarut_of_Ur_-_M.Lubinski.jpg');background-size:cover;background-position:center}.hero-overlay{position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(10,8,6,.16) 10%,rgba(10,8,6,.35) 46%,rgba(10,8,6,.94) 100%),linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(9,7,5,.75),transparent 65%)}.hero-content{position:relative;z-index:2;color:#fff;padding:8rem 0 4.5rem}.eyebrow{margin:0 0 .85rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.19em;font-weight:700;font-size:.72rem;color:#7c4b32}.eyebrow.dark{color:#7c4b32}.hero .eyebrow,.midnight .eyebrow,.sources-section .eyebrow{color:#d5b67e}.hero h1{font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:clamp(6rem,18vw,15rem);line-height:.72;margin:1rem 0 2.5rem;letter-spacing:.03em}.hero-deck{font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:clamp(1.25rem,2.3vw,2rem);max-width:900px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 2rem;color:#f0e9df}.hero-actions{display:flex;gap:.8rem;flex-wrap:wrap}.button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;padding:.82rem 1.1rem;border-radius:999px;font-weight:700;font-size:.9rem}.button.primary{background:var(--gold);color:#17110c}.button.ghost{border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.35);color:#fff}.button.ghost:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.08)}.hero-stats{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1rem;margin:4.5rem 0 0;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.28);padding-top:1.4rem}.hero-stats dt{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#c7bcae;font-size:.65rem}.hero-stats dd{margin:.35rem 0 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05rem}.photo-credit{position:absolute;right:1rem;bottom:1rem;z-index:3;color:#d9d2c9;font-size:.67rem;margin:0}.intro-band{background:#fffaf1;padding:5.5rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.intro-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.85fr 1.15fr;gap:6rem}.intro-grid h2,.section h2{font-family:Georgia,serif;font-weight:500;line-height:1.05;letter-spacing:-.025em}.intro-grid h2{font-size:clamp(2.4rem,4.5vw,4.8rem);margin:.4rem 0}.intro-copy{font-size:1.06rem;color:#403931}.intro-copy p:first-child{margin-top:0}.evidence-strip{position:sticky;top:74px;z-index:60;background:#efe4d2;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(25,20,15,.16);padding:.65rem 0}.evidence-grid{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.55rem;flex-wrap:wrap}.evidence-label{font-size:.7rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.14em;font-weight:800;margin-right:.3rem}.evidence-chip,.evidence-reset,.timeline-filter{border:1px solid rgba(25,20,15,.18);background:rgba(255,255,255,.45);border-radius:999px;padding:.38rem .65rem;font-size:.7rem;cursor:pointer}.evidence-chip.established{border-color:#66846c}.evidence-chip.text{border-color:#526f93}.evidence-chip.tradition{border-color:#a37f42}.evidence-chip.debated{border-color:#a35545}.evidence-chip.active,.timeline-filter.active{background:var(--ink);color:white}.section{padding:7rem 0}.section.sand{background:var(--sand)}.section.midnight,.sources-section{background:var(--night);color:#f6efe5}.section-heading{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.2fr .8fr;gap:5rem;align-items:end;margin-bottom:3.5rem}.section-heading.compact{margin-bottom:2.4rem}.section-heading h2{font-size:clamp(2.8rem,5vw,5rem);margin:.4rem 0}.section-heading p:last-child{color:var(--muted);max-width:620px}.section-heading.light p:last-child{color:#c0b7ab}.timeline-controls{display:flex;gap:.5rem;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:2rem}.timeline{border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.timeline-item{display:grid;grid-template-columns:180px 300px 1fr;gap:2rem;padding:2rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);transition:.25s}.timeline-item time{font-weight:800;color:#835237}.timeline-item h3{margin:0;font:500 1.65rem/1.15 Georgia,serif}.timeline-item p{margin:0;color:#4d453d}.timeline-item.hidden,.evidence.dimmed{opacity:.16;filter:grayscale(1)}.feature-grid{display:grid;gap:1rem}.feature-grid.three{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.feature-card{background:rgba(255,255,255,.48);border:1px solid rgba(25,20,15,.11);border-radius:18px;padding:1.6rem;min-height:220px}.feature-card h3{font:500 1.5rem Georgia,serif;margin:.5rem 0}.feature-card p{color:#50483f}.card-number{font-size:.65rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.15em;color:#8d5e3d}.split-panel{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:4rem;margin-top:4rem;align-items:center}.split-copy h3{font:500 2.4rem/1.1 Georgia,serif;margin:.4rem 0 1rem}.mini-list{display:grid;gap:.5rem;margin-top:1.2rem}.mini-list span{padding:.65rem 0;border-top:1px solid rgba(25,20,15,.15);font-size:.88rem}.city-diagram{position:relative;min-height:420px;background:#d5c6ad;border:1px solid rgba(25,20,15,.12);border-radius:22px;overflow:hidden;padding:1.2rem}.diagram-ziggurat{position:absolute;left:15%;top:18%;width:45%;height:38%}.diagram-ziggurat i{position:absolute;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);bottom:0;background:#9e6543;border:1px solid rgba(40,20,10,.25)}.diagram-ziggurat i:nth-child(1){width:100%;height:32%}.diagram-ziggurat i:nth-child(2){width:72%;height:57%}.diagram-ziggurat i:nth-child(3){width:44%;height:80%}.house-grid{position:absolute;right:8%;bottom:12%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,48px);gap:8px}.house-grid i{height:55px;border:5px solid #8c765d;background:#cdb99b}.canal{position:absolute;width:150%;height:54px;left:-25%;bottom:18%;background:#6e8a91;transform:rotate(-8deg);opacity:.8}.diagram-label{position:absolute;background:#1c1712;color:#fff;padding:.35rem .55rem;border-radius:4px;font-size:.7rem;z-index:5}.diagram-label.sacred{left:10%;top:8%}.diagram-label.homes{right:8%;bottom:33%}.diagram-label.water{left:7%;bottom:7%}.city-diagram small{position:absolute;right:1rem;top:1rem;color:#574e43}.monument-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.12fr .88fr;gap:4.5rem;align-items:center}.monument-photo img{border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 24px 60px rgba(60,35,15,.18)}.monument-photo p{font-size:.72rem;color:#75695d}.monument-copy h2{font-size:clamp(3rem,5vw,5.8rem);margin:.5rem 0 1.2rem}.lead{font:500 1.32rem/1.45 Georgia,serif}.callout{border-left:3px solid var(--gold);padding:1rem 0 1rem 1rem;margin:1.5rem 0;display:grid;gap:.25rem}.callout span{color:#554c43}.text-link{font-weight:800;text-underline-offset:4px}.artifact-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.25fr .75fr;gap:3.5rem;align-items:center}.artifact-image img{border-radius:4px}.artifact-image figcaption{font-size:.72rem;color:#afa69a;margin-top:.6rem}.artifact-copy h3{font:500 2.7rem Georgia,serif;margin:.35rem 0}.artifact-copy p{color:#ccc3b7}.dark-cards{margin-top:3rem}.dark-cards .feature-card{background:rgba(255,255,255,.055);border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.12)}.dark-cards .feature-card p{color:#beb5aa}.ruler-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,1fr);gap:1rem}.ruler-grid article{border-top:2px solid #7d523b;padding-top:1.1rem}.ruler-grid span{font-size:.66rem;color:#8b694f;font-weight:800}.ruler-grid h3{font:500 1.4rem Georgia,serif;margin:.6rem 0}.ruler-grid p{font-size:.88rem;color:#5b534a}.quote-panel{display:grid;grid-template-columns:90px 1fr;gap:1rem;margin-top:4rem;background:#fff9ef;padding:2rem;border:1px solid var(--line)}.quote-mark{font:6rem Georgia,serif;color:var(--gold);line-height:.8}.quote-panel h3{margin:0 0 .5rem;font:500 1.6rem Georgia,serif}.quote-panel p{margin:0;color:#564e46}.topic-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1rem}.topic{background:#f6efe2;padding:1.5rem;border-radius:16px}.topic>span{font-size:2rem;color:#6b4c37}.topic h3{font:500 1.4rem Georgia,serif;margin:.6rem 0}.topic p{font-size:.9rem;color:#584f46}.abraham-section{background:#f7f2e8}.abraham-title{max-width:920px}.abraham-title h2{font-size:clamp(3rem,6vw,6.5rem);margin:.4rem 0 1.2rem}.evidence-summary{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1rem;margin:3rem 0}.evidence-summary article{padding:1.4rem;border-top:3px solid var(--ink);background:#fff}.evidence-summary article:nth-child(1){border-color:#66846c}.evidence-summary article:nth-child(2){border-color:#526f93}.evidence-summary article:nth-child(3){border-color:#a37f42}.evidence-summary article:nth-child(4){border-color:#a35545}.evidence-summary strong{font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.15rem}.evidence-summary p{font-size:.86rem;color:#5e554c}.scripture-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.85fr 1.15fr;gap:1rem}.scripture-panel,.debate-panel{background:#201a15;color:#f6efe5;padding:2rem;border-radius:16px}.scripture-panel h3,.debate-panel h3{font:500 2rem Georgia,serif;margin:.3rem 0 1.2rem}.scripture-panel dl{margin:0}.scripture-panel dl div{padding:.85rem 0;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12)}.scripture-panel dt{font-weight:800;color:#dab982;font-size:.8rem}.scripture-panel dd{margin:.2rem 0 0;color:#cfc6ba;font-size:.9rem}.debate-panel{background:#7e3e2b}.debate-panel p{color:#f1ded6}.debate-panel .eyebrow{color:#f5c9ad}.route-card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.8fr 1.2fr;gap:3rem;margin:4rem 0;padding:2rem;border:1px solid rgba(25,20,15,.14);background:#ede1ce;border-radius:20px}.route-copy h3{font:500 2.2rem Georgia,serif;margin:.35rem 0}.note{font-size:.8rem;color:#756b60}.route-map svg{width:100%;height:auto}.river{fill:none;stroke:#668a91;stroke-width:7;opacity:.55}.river.second{stroke-width:5}.route{fill:none;stroke:#8c452e;stroke-width:4;stroke-dasharray:10 8}.pin circle{fill:#1b1713;stroke:#f3d29a;stroke-width:4}.pin text{font-weight:800;font-size:16px}.region{font-size:13px;letter-spacing:.18em;fill:#8e7e6a}.water-label{font-size:12px;fill:#58757e}.faiths-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:1rem}.faiths-grid article{background:#fff;padding:1.5rem;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:16px}.faiths-grid h3{font:500 1.5rem Georgia,serif;margin:.2rem 0}.faiths-grid p{color:#5c534a}.accuracy-box{margin-top:2rem;padding:1.3rem 1.5rem;background:#251b16;color:#f7eee5;border-left:4px solid var(--gold)}.accuracy-box p{margin:.3rem 0 0;color:#d5cbc0}.legacy-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:1rem}.legacy-grid article{padding:2rem;background:#fff;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.legacy-kicker{font-size:.65rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.16em;font-weight:800;color:#8c5a3d}.legacy-grid h3{font:500 2rem/1.15 Georgia,serif;margin:.5rem 0}.legacy-grid p{color:#5c544b}.az-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:.8rem}.az-grid article{background:#f7efe1;padding:1.2rem;min-height:180px;border:1px solid rgba(25,20,15,.08)}.az-grid b{font:600 2.4rem Georgia,serif;color:#9d6545}.az-grid h3{font:500 1.15rem Georgia,serif;margin:.25rem 0}.az-grid p{font-size:.8rem;color:#5d554c}.source-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:.8rem}.source-grid a{display:grid;text-decoration:none;padding:1.35rem;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.13);border-radius:12px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.035);transition:.2s}.source-grid a:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.075);transform:translateY(-2px)}.source-grid span{font-size:.65rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.15em;color:#d6b77f}.source-grid strong{font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;margin:.25rem 0}.source-grid small{color:#bcb4a9}.method-note{margin-top:2rem;padding-top:2rem;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.13);max-width:900px}.method-note h3{font:500 1.6rem Georgia,serif}.method-note p{color:#c6bdb1}.site-footer{background:#0e1114;color:#e9e2d9;padding:4rem 0 1.5rem}.footer-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.2fr .6fr 1fr;gap:4rem}.footer-grid p{color:#a9a196;font-size:.86rem}.footer-grid h3{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.14em;font-size:.7rem}.footer-grid a:not(.brand){display:block;text-decoration:none;color:#c4bbb0;margin:.35rem 0;font-size:.85rem}.footer-brand{margin-bottom:1rem}.footer-bottom{margin-top:3rem;padding-top:1rem;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-size:.75rem;color:#8f887f}.footer-bottom a{color:#d7c8b2;text-decoration:none}
@media(max-width:950px){.hero-stats{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.intro-grid,.section-heading,.split-panel,.monument-grid,.artifact-layout,.scripture-grid,.route-card{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:2rem}.feature-grid.three,.faiths-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.ruler-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.topic-grid,.az-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.evidence-summary{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.timeline-item{grid-template-columns:140px 1fr}.timeline-item p{grid-column:2}.footer-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.footer-grid>div:first-child{grid-column:1/-1}}
@media(max-width:720px){.nav-wrap{height:64px}.evidence-strip{top:64px}.menu-button{display:block}.site-nav{position:absolute;top:64px;left:0;right:0;background:#18130f;display:none;flex-direction:column;padding:1rem 20px 1.4rem;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1)}.site-nav.open{display:flex}.hero{min-height:92vh}.hero-content{padding:6rem 0 3rem}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(6rem,35vw,10rem);margin-bottom:2rem}.hero-stats{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;margin-top:3rem}.section{padding:4.5rem 0}.feature-grid.three,.faiths-grid,.legacy-grid,.source-grid,.evidence-summary,.topic-grid,.az-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.timeline-item{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:.5rem}.timeline-item p{grid-column:auto}.ruler-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.footer-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.footer-grid>div:first-child{grid-column:auto}.photo-credit{display:none}.evidence-label{width:100%}.city-diagram{min-height:340px}.route-card{padding:1rem}.artifact-copy .button{border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.35)}.section-heading{margin-bottom:2.4rem}.section-heading h2{font-size:2.8rem}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*{transition:none!important}}

/* Multilingual navigation */
.language-switcher{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.2rem;margin-inline-start:1rem;padding:.2rem;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.04)}
.language-switcher a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-height:30px;padding:.25rem .6rem;border-radius:999px;color:#d8d0c5;text-decoration:none;font-size:.7rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.04em;white-space:nowrap}
.language-switcher a:hover,.language-switcher a[aria-current="true"]{background:var(--gold);color:#17110c}
html[dir="rtl"] body{font-family:Tahoma,Arial,"Noto Sans Arabic","Noto Sans Hebrew",sans-serif}
html[dir="rtl"] .brand strong,html[dir="rtl"] .hero h1,html[dir="rtl"] .intro-grid h2,html[dir="rtl"] .section h2,html[dir="rtl"] .timeline-item h3,html[dir="rtl"] .feature-card h3,html[dir="rtl"] .split-copy h3,html[dir="rtl"] .monument-copy h2,html[dir="rtl"] .artifact-copy h3,html[dir="rtl"] .ruler-grid h3,html[dir="rtl"] .quote-panel h3,html[dir="rtl"] .topic h3,html[dir="rtl"] .abraham-title h2,html[dir="rtl"] .scripture-panel h3,html[dir="rtl"] .debate-panel h3,html[dir="rtl"] .route-copy h3,html[dir="rtl"] .faiths-grid h3,html[dir="rtl"] .legacy-grid h3,html[dir="rtl"] .az-grid h3,html[dir="rtl"] .source-grid strong,html[dir="rtl"] .method-note h3{font-family:Tahoma,Arial,"Noto Sans Arabic","Noto Sans Hebrew",sans-serif}
html[dir="rtl"] .eyebrow,html[dir="rtl"] .brand small,html[dir="rtl"] .hero-stats dt,html[dir="rtl"] .legacy-kicker,html[dir="rtl"] .footer-grid h3{letter-spacing:.04em}
html[dir="rtl"] .callout{border-left:0;border-right:3px solid var(--gold);padding-left:0;padding-right:1rem}
html[dir="rtl"] .accuracy-box{border-left:0;border-right:4px solid var(--gold)}
html[dir="rtl"] .photo-credit{right:auto;left:1rem}
html[dir="rtl"] .city-diagram small{right:auto;left:1rem}
html[dir="rtl"] .diagram-label.sacred{left:auto;right:10%}
html[dir="rtl"] .diagram-label.homes{right:auto;left:8%}
html[dir="rtl"] .diagram-label.water{left:auto;right:7%}
html[dir="rtl"] .house-grid{right:auto;left:8%}
html[dir="rtl"] .diagram-ziggurat{left:auto;right:15%}
html[dir="rtl"] .route-map svg{direction:ltr}
@media(max-width:1050px){.site-nav{gap:.8rem}.language-switcher{margin-inline-start:.45rem}.language-switcher a{padding:.2rem .45rem}}
@media(max-width:720px){.language-switcher{margin-inline-start:auto;margin-inline-end:.5rem}.language-switcher a{font-size:.65rem;padding:.2rem .42rem}.nav-wrap{gap:.35rem}.brand small{display:none}}
@media(max-width:720px){.nav-wrap>.brand{order:1}.nav-wrap>.language-switcher{order:2}.nav-wrap>.menu-button{order:3}.nav-wrap>.site-nav{order:4}}